Abstract:Objective To explore the potential value of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Methods This article reported a case of an 87-year-old male patient with IPAF whose serum anti-MCV antibody levels were significantly elevated (> 1 000 u/mL), which is relatively rare in clinical practice. The patient presented with dyspnea as the primary symptom, and chest CT indicated diffuse interstitial lesions in both lungs, accompanied by morning stiffness and weakly positive antinuclear antibodies (1∶100). After treatment with glucocorticoids combined with immunosuppressants, the patient’s symptoms and imaging findings showed significant improvement. A literature review was conducted to analyze the clinical significance of anti-MCV antibodies in the diagnosis and treatment of IPAF. Results Anti-MCV antibodies, as an important marker of autoimmune responses related to rheumatoid arthritis, although they are not included in the current serological criteria for IPAF, this study suggested that they may assist in identifying subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease related to rheumatoid arthritis, thereby providing a basis for more precise classification of IPAF. Conclusion IPAF exhibits significant heterogeneity, and anti-MCV antibodies may be potential biomarkers for the auxiliary identification of specific subtypes. Clinical practice should involve multidisciplinary collaboration and comprehensive evaluation of various indicators for individualized treatment. In the future, it will be necessary to include such highly specific antibodies in the IPAF criteria to enhance diagnostic accuracy.