Abstract:Hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC），the most common histopathological subtype of primary liver cancer，exhibits both a high mortality rate and a complex pathogenesis. Currently，effective treatment options remain limited in clinical practice. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells（BMSCs）can promote the proliferation，migration，and collagen synthesis function of cancer - associated fibroblasts（ CAFs）by releasing various growth factors， cytokines，and other bioactive molecules through paracrine. As a major component of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors，CAFs facilitate extracellular matrix（ECM）remodeling and angiogenesis， while also suppressing tumor immunity and metabolic reprogramming. These processes collectively regulate HCC cell proliferation， migration，invasion，apoptosis，angiogenesis，and immune evasion，ultimately driving HCC development and progression. In order to explore the effects of BMSCs and CAFs on HCC and whether they can become potential targets for HCC in the future，this article mainly summarizes the mechanisms by which BMSCs and CAFs affect HCC.